Childrens Implicit and Explicit Ethnic Group

Introduction Implicit attitudes in children develop according to their surroundings. These surroundings range from cultural processes, which the child undergoes, to the intergroup and child preferences as he or she grows up. Age is not an important determinant since when implicit association test (IAT) is administered; the same results are evident in both the adults and children.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Children’s Implicit and Explicit Ethnic Group specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, the level of biasness differs from child to child, and it may not appear as much in the adults. A great divergence is observed at the age of 10 onwards. This is where a child begins to develop other important traits, which will assist in attitude development. Consequently, at this age, a child is in a position to start analyzing issues critically and pay much attention to things he or she must have assumed at a very tender age. The Children’s implicit and explicit ethnic group attitudes’ development can also be influenced by the parents. Since children copy what their parents do, they will become very resistant to anything that their guardians do not believe in. This is why many children will show a lot of favoritism in the in-group compared to the out-group. Connections between Readings Self-esteem and intergroup attitudes play a major role in the development of the children’s implicit and explicit attitudes. Many children will show more favoritism towards the in-group than the out-group. This is the same when it comes to implicit and explicit assessments. Therefore, it is important to note that, it is very hard to find a child who has a very low attitude in his/her in-group. However, if data are accumulated, it may appear that the white children normally have cumulative low attitude in their in-group. Many British children, both the whites and the blacks, value the b lack culture and show positive implicit and explicit attitudes on the blacks. It is also evident that, the adults have low in-group preference, compared to the children.Advertising Looking for report on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Both readings also portray that implicit attitudes are attained at an early stages and remain practically stable throughout the development stage, up to around age 10 when there are some split between the conscious and the less conscious ethnic attitudes (Siegler, DeLoache Eisenberg, 2005). New Novel Extension Study has proved that the white children normally show greater out-group positivity than the in-group. This area should be researched more to identify why this is the case. It is not clear why the black children normally present a contrary picture, that of showing favoritism to the in-group than the out-group. Various tests have confirmed this fact and a new novel should be dev eloped to try to explain why this case happens even in children who are brought up in the same surrounding. Connections between Findings, Arguments and Theory It is evident that, there are claims based on collection of data, which are not true, about the children’s implicit and explicit attitudes. According to the findings, it is very difficult to pick data from a specific study and generalize the entire traits shown by children as their true and accurate stereotyping degree. Different scholars also argue that, since the theories are developed on sample basis, if the entire population was to be involved in the research, the results may be far reaching and completely different from the ones made. In fact it is not easy to analyze the entire population. Reference Siegler, R., DeLoache, J., Eisenberg, N. (2005). How Children Develop. New York, NY: Worth Publishers. This report on Children’s Implicit and Explicit Ethnic Group was written and submitted by user Harley Buchanan to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Should You Start Your Job Hunt in the Summer

Should You Start Your Job Hunt in the Summer Although the long days of summer often mean the hiring process can be slower than usual, that doesn’t mean you should put your job search on hold until the leaves start to change color. Summer is as good a time as any to sharpen your resume and put yourself out on the job market. Even if you are a seasoned employee and not interested in an entry-level position, you can ride the wave of positions opening up for newly graduated seniors. Companies account for an influx of grads when they plan out their year, so take advantage of new job openings, especially if you are making a lateral move or a career change.The season is also often a time of turnover. People have already received their bonuses, and with the end of a school year often comes changes for many families.  Since most office-based jobs are slower-paced due to vacations and long weekends, current employees have more time to job hunt, which ideally will leave open positions for new hires.Don’t use the excuse of lazy summer days to take a break in your job quest! Summer is a fine to to begin your hunt as long as you realize response times from recruiters will be a bit slower than usual. Use the extra time to perfect your resume, hunt for open positions, and make job searching your priority.

Sensory Cultures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Sensory Cultures - Essay Example Embodiment of sensory orientation means one understands who they are, what they are doing, and where they are doing it (Yack et al 34). David Howes discusses sensory culture in the context of architecture, considering how urban planners and architects use in-sounds and in-scents in sensory ethnography, sensory history, and sensory geography. The architecture of the senses, which is the study of sensorium’s cultural construction in diverse places and times, helps in inspiring sensory architecture (Howes 45). He contends that, in recent years, architectural theorization for and of the senses has gained prominence because of increased interest in sensory architecture and the social significance of the material world’s sensory qualities. Sensing in sensory architecture involves a combination of meaning and stimulation, as well as signification and sensation. He gives an example of the CAVE technology that enhances comprehension of signification and sensation, contending tha t it needs an ethnographer to comprehend meaning and stimulation. This technology occludes some sensory roles in architectural experience, while it also improves the role of kinesthesia over texture, as well as that of sight over smell (Howes 46). This, in turn, serves in the perpetuation of particular social and sensory hierarchies. According to David Howes, the new sensory urban anthropology, which emphasizes the discernment of perceptive politics and meaning, plays a vital role in the advancement of sensory architecture. Sensory ethnography, through its role in foregrounding senses as experience mediators, as well as exploring the manner in which various people use their senses, in culturally and strategically conditioned ways, on the urban environment, enables architects to enhance polysensoriality and to design in ways that are stimulating and sensuously fitting (Howes 46). Constance Classen, on her part, introduces sensory culture as a historical and cultural formation. By exa mining the various meanings that are associated with different sensory sensations and faculties in various cultures, there is a cornucopia of sensory symbolism. It is possible to link sight to witchcraft and reason, while taste could be utilized as a metaphor that denotes sexual experience or aesthetic discrimination (Classen 402). In addition, the sensory faculty of odor could signify social exclusion, political power, sin, or sanctity. As a collection, these sensory values and meanings make up the various sensory models that societies espouse. In this way, a specific society makes sense of their environment, and the world at large. In addition, they translate sensory concepts, as well as perceptions, into a specific view of the world. Classen theorizes sensory orientation embodiment by contending that smell, taste, hearing, touch, and sight are means of cultural value transmission, as well as the apprehension of physical phenomena (Classen 402). According to her, perception of sen ses can be learnt through imbuing them with cultural significance in

Legal Studies coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Legal Studies - Coursework Example The fourth answer is a summary of the case 23 Wis. J.L. Gender & Soc'y 41. Keywords: statutes, laws Answer to question 1: Drunk driving is a serious civil offence recognized across the United States of America. The two statutes that I wish to discuss with regard to this topic are Mich. Comp. Laws sec. 257.625 and V C Section 23152. (Michigan laws) According to the statute of Michigan, a person does not have the right to operate a vehicle on either a highway or any place of public while under the influence of alcohol. In such a case, as he is intoxicated, it might lead to injury for both the vehicle and others, not to forget the individual himself. If the person who operates a vehicle after being intoxicated causes the death of a person, he will be charged of a felony or crime. The ‘per se’ blood alcohol level for a person driving in the state of Michigan has to be .08 and his zero tolerance level should not exceed .02. If caught, the person will be implied with the conse nt of law. If the offence has been committed for the first time, the defendant’s license may be suspended for a period not exceeding 6 months, however, consequently, the suspension period can go up to more than one year as well. After the second time an offense is created, the person will have to do time in jail and undergo education pertaining to alcohol usage. According to the California statute that follows drunk driving, more or less, the law applied is the same as well. It states that it is against the law for an individual to drive or operate a vehicle if he or she is under the influence of any drugs or alcohol. The ‘per se’ blood alcohol level for this statute applied is also .08 and if there is more than that alcohol found in the blood, the person is committing an offense. (California laws) However, the zero tolerance level in California is .01 and the license of the person is only suspended for a period not exceeding for months after the first time that he commits the offense. After the second and third offenses however, the license may be taken away for 2-4 years and unlike the laws applied in Michigan, the vehicle of the person in California may be confiscated after the third time the individual commits the offense of drunk driving. Answer to question 2: Bluebook citation: Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113, 93 S. Ct. 705, 35 L. Ed. 2d 147, 1973 U.S (1973) This case was dissented by: DA's Office v. Osborne, 129 S. Ct. 2308, 174 L. Ed. 2d 38, 2009 U.S. LEXIS 4536, 21 Fla. L. Weekly Fed. S 945 (U.S. 2009) (129) Earlier case: Roe v. Wade, 314 F. Supp. 1217, 1970 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 11306 (N.D. Tex. 1970) Later overruled by: Garcia v. San Antonio Metro. Transit Auth., 469 U.S. 528, 105 S. Ct. 1005, 83 L. Ed. 2d 1016, 1985 U.S. LEXIS 48, 53 U.S.L.W. 4135, 36 Empl. Prac. Dec. (CCH) P34995, 102 Lab. Cas. (CCH) P34633, 27 Wage , &, Hour Cas. (BNA) 65 (1985) Answers for question 3: 566 A.2d 227 Parallel Citation: Ruetgers-Nease Chemical Co. v. Fireme n's Ins. of Newark, 236 N.J. Super. 473, 566 A.2d 227, 1989 N.J. Super. LEXIS 385 (App.Div. 1989) (192) No cases give a positive treatment of this case. In fact, only two cases have been cited after it that criticize or cite a dissenting opinion for the same. They are 1. Certain Underwriters at Lloyd's, London v. Foster Wheeler Corp., 192 Misc. 2d 468, 746 N.Y.S.2d 776, 2002 N.Y. Misc. LEXIS 1074 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 2002) 2. GE v. California Ins. Guar. Ass'n, 997 S.W.2d 923, 1999 Tex. App. LEXIS 6732, 99:37 Tex.

Business Plan Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Business Plan - Term Paper Example With clear targeted clienteles, market analysis is likewise done to have a clearer picture of the organization’s strength, weakness, opportunities and threats (SWOT). The company has a P10 million initial capital and its targets to gain comfortable and reasonable return or profit for sustainability. The business plan is its map to attain success in this business venture. Executive Summary This is a business plan of Ameritech Corporation. This business concept is developed as a start up plan and thus details business plan and its operations. Experts viewed that a business plan is a fundamental necessity in starting a venture. The plan consists of a narrative and research to ensure that company will be able to open and operate systematically with concrete understanding and context of the market. Details below discuss the nature of the company, its products and services; its targeted market; its financial plan and an initial SWOT analysis conducted as first step in scanning the m arket. AmeriTech company will be venturing on marketing information technology. Below is the proposed organizational structure of the company: The CEO will do all the executive functions, lead the planning and implementation and conduct the regular monitoring of the human resources. The SEO does the market analysis. The finance department will be in-charge for the financial disposition, disbursement of salary, payment of purchases and for regular reporting of financial status. It will also be liable for accounting. The marketing department will be composed of human resources, preferably those who have earned a degree in information technology course and has background on business management. They will deal with the customers on regular basis and ensure their satisfaction. The operations department will be responsible for the transportation of purchases from infotech producer and will be accountable for the quality of these products. The support technology engineer on the other hand, will ensure that they will be able to produce online or personal support to customers who suffer some problems in the utilization if the communication gadgets. These are human resources that are trained and capable of fine tuning the equipments and in repairing them in case of defects. Or, in case the gadgets are irreparable, they are those who are knowledgeable to advise customers on the best option to undertake. Company overview AmeriTech Corporation is a company dedicated in selling or marketing information technology facilities. These infotechnologies include computers, laptops, computer accessories, camera, cellular phones with accessories, telephone and fax machines. Softwares related thereto will also be sold. It is located at the heart of San Francisco, California. The company’s vision is to become a business leader in marketing quality infotechnology and other related communication products/services to improve lives, virtually bridge distances between peoples, insti tutions and companies. The company’s mission is to provide infotech consumers with reasonable way of enjoying quality business services, to boost its profit, and to advance the use of technology. Products and Services The company sells information technology such as computers, laptops, cellular phones, telephones, fax machines and their related accessories. It will also sell internet facilities such as

Merapi Eruption And Its Economic Impact Environmental Sciences Essay

Merapi Eruption And Its Economic Impact Environmental Sciences Essay Recently, Indonesia is faced with many natural disaster such as tsunami, earthquake, and volcanic eruption. These disasters are more likely to happen because of the geological location of Indonesia which is located at the edge of the Pacific, Eurasian and Australian tectonic plates. Just recently, Indonesia has been made panic by Gunung Merapi, which is one of many more Indonesias active stratovolcano mountain. This Gunung Merapi is located between Central Java and Yogyakarta in Indonesia. Gunung Merapi is one of the most active volcano in Indonesia. It has also erupted regularly since the year 1548. To discuss about the eruption effect of Gunung Merapi freely, this paper will be started with the introduction and the definition about what is eruption and Gunung Merapi. The discussion of this paper will be then continued and list all the effects, victims, loss and damage to humans life. This paper lists the details about the victims, environmental effects, the dangerous materials of this eruption, damage and loss to many sectors. The paper will then discuss about what the government action to help the victims and restores the site that got the disadvantages of this eruption. The conclusion part of this paper will be the closing of the discussion with the summary details. Introduction Within these past few years ago, there are many natural disasters that occured in Indonesia and the most frequently that happen is flood. The disasters that often happen in Indonesia are flood, earthquake, and volcanic eruption, tsunami which are more likely to happen because of Indonesias geological location which is located at the edge of the Pacific, Eurasian and Australian tectonic plates. Jakarta as the capital town of Indonesia is the place that flood will most likely to occur if there is a heavy rain with long enough duration to patch a flood. The disaster than happen recently is eruption so this article will be focusing on volcanic eruption. 2010 eruptions of mount merapi. (2010, December 8). An eruption can be a really hazardous disaster for humans life due to its big explosion of the volcano, fall of the rocks and the ashes that can irritate humans breath and eyes. Indonesia has many active volcanic mountain like Gunung Merapi, Gunung Krakatau, Gunung Kelud, Gunung Semeru, Gunung Guntur and many others. One of these active mountain which named Gunung Merapi, have done a great eruption recently, which is started at 26 October 2010. This eruption obviously made many negative effects on humans life and environment around that mountain. The examples of the negative effects are death and people getting damaged, many house broken, people must leave their house and belongings and go to the safer place. They all feel very miserable for their loss because of this volcanic eruption. Merapis eruption also affects many things like how things going in Keraton Jogja which is the town that this Merapi located. There are so many things that get affected only because of this Merapis eruption. This article will talk deep about the details for all the effects on its environment, the damage and loss in many sectors like social and infrastructure, the impacts of economy, growth, GDP and GNP and unemployment impacts because of this eruption. 1.2 The Definition of Eruption Eruption is the phenomenon of the bursting out of magma to the surface of the earth. Eruption can be divided into two, such as explosive eruption and non explosive eruption. The types of eruption is depend on many things; for examples, the thickness of magma, the composition of gas inside the magma, the effect of ground water, and magma chamber. The thickness of magma and the composition of gas inside the magma are depending on the composition of chemical of magma. Eruption has own mechanism. There are excess excreted gasses, when the magma come its way to surface, and the gas pressure make the spread of volcanic material. The process of gas excreted is sometimes followed by a large sound of rumble that sometimes allow us to hear the rumbling voice as the same time the volcanic material eruption occurs. The process of gas pressure is not need a long time. The plug holes in the crater by the gas pressure depends on the rate of gas production from the magma that make the increasing of the gas pressure, and strength to withstand the pressure of gas crater plug.  The more powerful stoppers crater, the greater the percentage of the strong eruption. A fast-moving flow of lava that flow down to river, then spread in the plain at the hills sight of the volcano area can cause into the damages on serious economic and environmental. 2010 eruptions of mount merapi. (2010, December 8). Gunung Merapi 2010 The massive explosion of Merapi Mountain happened on the first date in the month of November 2010. The first explosion occurs around 10.03 AM that started out with a small earthquake and falling down of materials. Soon after that the cloud of heat came along from the top of Merapi with a height of 1.5km. Based on the surveillance from the Monitor room of Merapi Activity in BPPTK Office loated in Jalan Cendana, Jogjakarta, the cloud of heat headed for the south entrance, which is the Gendol River and Woro River with acceleration of 4km. At 11.30AM, Merapi Mountain explode again, creating cloud of heat with height of approximately 3.5km. This is the second greatest explosion for the Friday, November 5, 2010. This is surveyed from Balerante, the group of clouds and balls heavily polluted vertically rumbling to the sky with the approximated height of 3.500meters. Due to the wind blows from north and east heading to the Cendawan Sea, and the cloud of heat is heading to the southeast direction of the delta of Gendol River, there are no further report from BNPTK about this explosion. This information is directly conducted visually on Friday ,November 5, 2010. Around 11.35AM half of the hillside and mountain is covered in thick and dark cloud. The Earthquake itself is highly detected due to the seizmograph signal installed at various surveillance headquarters. Citizens in the southwest, southeast, south, and west are ordered to be cautious and prepared. As broadcasted, the massive explosion of Merapi before also happened on Friday this afternoon. Due to the explosion, 55 citizens are claimed dead up until this very afternoon. The dangerous zone are expanded from the first 15km up to 20km. Types of volcanic eruption. (2010, December 6) Victims of eruption Gunung Merapi 2010 This 2010 eruption is the worst since 1870. Thirty-two villages has become the victims and 70000 soul were being suggested to evacuate because they located in the danger territory. Those villages consist of 17 villages in District of Magelang, 4 villages in District of Klaten, 3 villages in District of Boyolali, and 8 villages in District of Sleman. This time Merapi is in critical condition, besides being marked with the the distance of heat cloud explosive eruption reaches 11.5 kilometer at Bebeng River and at different place the distance of heat cloud eruption reaches 11 km at White River, 10 km at Boyong River and 9.5 km at Gendol River. This time the heat cloud that out from the peak of Merapi has reached the height of more than 10 km, the number of victims is 73. Victims spread in 2 regions, which are 69 victims at the Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta and 4 victims at Center Java. The injured, burn and blister victims have reached 100 persons. This condition is based on November 5, 20 10 note. In relation to Merapis condition that still in dangerous, the government is seeking the save place for the refugee. After the second eruption, 55 persons are recorded dead until now. The prone region is being expanded from 15 km to 20 km. Types of volcanic eruption. (2010, December 6). Environmental effects As we know that Yogyakarta is a famous city recognized by many foreign tourists, Merapi eruption that occurred has given a lot of impact on the growth of tourism in Yogyakarta. After the eruption of Merapi that occurred in Yogyakarta, the level of trust decreased drastically and it has affected both foreign and domestic tourists, especially in tourism sector. Although the eruption of merapi has decreased, the influence of the eruption was still heart throbbing especially for the resorts and food corner.   The hotel occupancy rate from both foreign and domestic tourists is about 30-40 percent of it. Moreover, the good news is that the percentage has increased slightly after the start Adisucipto airport reopened.   After Adisucipto airport was reopened, when the occupancy rate was only about 10-20 percent of it. The occupancy rate and the expected decline of tourists not only because of post-eruption of Merapi but is also caused by the news-media coverage of security concerns the city of Yogyakarta. In order to restore the name of the city of Yogyakarta as a safe tourism like before, the tourism parties in cooperation with the Ministry of Culture and Tourism and related agencies will hold a variety of series of events. Bataviase.co.id. (2010, December 28). 2.12 Volcanic ash Meanwhile, the famous Borobudur temple also closed due to the disastrous eruption, the area of 185 hectares were completely paralyzed due to volcanic ash that covered the sky. After the great eruption hundreds of trees were uprooted around the temple and the access road leading to the temple was blocked.   And even worse, the most powerful eruption makes the temple in critical condition and unlikely to be accessed.  Thickness of volcanic ash reached 2-4 centimeters. The Jakarta post. ( 2010, December 28). 2.13 Greenhouse effects in Yogyakarta The temperature in Yogyakarta is really high and hot.  Average daytime air heat over 33 degrees Celsius.  This is caused by the ash which come from the eruption in which covers the surrounding areas. The volcanic ash covered the atmosphere of Yogyakarta, and that is one reason why the air is very hot.  Currently, some areas in Yogyakarta Special Region are exposed to a kind of greenhouse effect caused by the volcanic ash particles in the air.  In theory, the sun to the earth should be reflected into space by the atmosphere.  However, because the dirty atmospheric conditions, sunlight reflected back to earth so that the air in Yogyakarta getting hot and sultry. In addition, the position of the sun at this time also was leaning towards the south and is still above the Yogyakarta area.  Sun will continue moving south until December 22 2010 and again leaning to the north and back across the top of the city of Yogyakarta in February 2011. 2012discovery.com. (2010, October 30). Damage and losses 2.21 Housing sectors The number of sufferers of the eruption is keep increasing, and people who didnt flee under the fear of the eruption have eventually run to the outer part of the eruption are to save their life. In the village every night additional evacuees continued to arrive, making the total increased to 2632 people from 2073 soul after the eruption. Additional refugees came from villages with a radius of up to 10 kilometers from the peak of Merapi.  The increasing numbers of the refugees make the needs of facilities and infrastructure to increase too. The worst matter is the numbers of public toilets in refugee camps are dirty and smelly. The supply of water for public toilets is not routine.  With the number of refugees who have started to increase rapidly, water supply should not be broken. Antara news. (2010, November 14). 2.22 Health Sector The Provincial Health Office Yogyakarta campaign held a clean and healthy lifestyle to the refugees in each chosen Merapi evacuation.and they have conducted a campaign of clean and healthy lifestyle to the communities, which is to maintaining and creating a clean and healthy lifestyle not only during disasters, but every time the need to maintain clean and healthy lifestyle. The purpose of this clean and healthy lifestyle campaign was held to maintain and preserve the environmental health of both the family and society. The campaign is very important and needs to be understood by society, in which people should maintain and implement the environment clean and healthy lifestyle, both when in the home environment and in environmental refugees. Ministry of health republic of Indonesia (2010, November 14). 2.3 Infrastructure 2.31 Transportation Sectors As the eruption brings hundreds and even thousands people to death, it also caused damage the sectors such as transportation sector too. The closing down of the airport by the department of transportation has caused thousands of passengers to decrease drastically compared with the usual operation. It is estimated that even if the airport has been re-opened, it will not show much difference in the number of flights because of the fear of the eruption. Land transportation has also decrease drastically because the number of tourist visits dropped down drastically after the disaster happened. Car rentals and motorcycle rentals which are usually crowded suffered heavy blows. And many people had lost their jobs and in need to get another job in order to survive. Terradaily (2010, November 7). 2.32 Energy Resources Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources will also conduct a program which is subsidizing the fuel in the energy sector. These programs include the construction of electricity infrastructure, the natural gas supply infrastructure, and improvement of energy infrastructure in eastern Indonesia. With this program, fuel restrictions could save up to Rp 3.8 trillion.  The number is achieved if there is a decrease in fuel consumption of premium as much as 1 million kiloliters with the amount of Rp 1.7 trillion, and the reduction of diesel consumption by 1 million kiloliters magnitude Rp 2.17 trillion.The government itself allocates the budget for fuel subsidies, biofuel and LPG amounted to Rp 95.9 trillion for the year 2011. Moreover the implementation of restrictions on fuel will be done in stages so that the social and economic impacts, especially inflation are expected relatively small. Otakit.com. (2010, November 15). 2.33 Communications sector After the eruptions, the telecommunication encounters the high telecommunication traffic. Telecommunications service remains smooth despite the high telecommunications traffic increase both incoming and outgoing around the slopes of Mount Merapi, particularly in Sleman, Magelang and Klaten. Starting from October 26, 2010 4 telecommunications operator established a post in Sleman and Magelang, PT XL Axiata, PT Telkom, PT Telkomsel and PT Indosat. The function of post is not only to monitor the quality of service around the slopes of Mount Merapi, but also serve free telephone facilities and provide certain social assistance. In addition, also for the uplink and down link for a number of journalists who will send the latest news related to the condition of Mount Merapi from these posts, as provided by PT Telkom in STO Pakem, Sleman. Depkominfo.go.id. (2010, October 29). 2.34 Water Supplies and Sanitation damages Villagers Bawukan and Gemampir have returned from refugee camps.  When they get to their homes, they found that they had contaminated the water reservoir of volcanic ash.  When displaced, they forgot to close or move the gutter.  As a result, the volcanic ash mixed into their water supplies.  This is contaminating the water and the water itself cannot be consumed or used for bathing because it causes itching. in addition, disaster response teams in Klaten are mobilizing water vacuum to drain the dirty water.  Furthermore, the government also supplies two water tanks (10 thousand liters) to each owners water reservoir.  For Gemampir village, it takes 464 water tanks, at a cost of Rp.  50 thousand / tank.  Total required funds of Rp.23, 200,000. Merapi Volcano Situation Report Part 8. ( 2010, November 28). Productive Sectors 2.41 Agriculture Sector Merapi eruption destroy agriculture sector in Magelang regency, Central Java.  Losses estimated at Rp 247.3 billion.  Damaged crops consist of rice, fruits, and vegetables. Head of Food Crops, Plantation, Magelang regency Wijaya and Forestry said the damage occurred in most crops in 12 districts because of volcanic ash covered.  The biggest losses occurred on the bark of plants, USD 84.01 billion.  In total, the eruption causes 65% of crop damage and crop failure in the severe affected areas. Even worse, damage also occurred on 201 ha of forest, 309 ha of state forest and 357 ha of plantation area. The estimate of losses on plantation sector reached 1.5 to 2 times more than the previous record. As a result of the eruption of Merapi in the form of hot clouds made a number of areas hit by the rain of ash.  Ash rain made for agricultural decline.  Thousands hectares of plantations, vegetables and paddy rice are damaged. And thats why not a few residents who harvest rice more quickly even though it is not time.  They are afraid of the rice goes bad when Merapi erupted again.This condition can certainly have a negative impact on residents.  Food shortages feared to hit the people living on the slopes of Merapi.  Number of land damaged by the eruption of Merapi, required no small amount of recovery funds.  Longer recovery time was also given to date volcanic ash still flushed a number of areas on the slopes of Merapi. embassyofindonesia.org. (2010, November 28). 2.42 Fisheries sector The production of fish, especially catfish in Yogyakarta, especially Boyolali reached more than 15 tons per day.   But, As a result of this disaster, this production has decreased more than 50 percent. To normalize the level of fishery production, in the near future, precisely after the Merapi eruption stopped, the government will do the rehabilitation of ponds and aquaculture ponds.  In addition to the pool area of rehabilitation of 114 ha of land, to restore the economy in the fish farming sector, the farmers require at least 11 million fish fry and more than 1050 tons of fish feed. More than 100 hectares of cropland damaged by Merapi covered with volcanic ash that resulted in millions of fish in the pond died and the estimated value of losses has reached the range of USD 3.4 billion. The loss of that which include damage to facilities and infrastructure and the death of millions of farmers cultivated fish in ponds and fish ponds due to volcanic dust.   The damage that result ed in a decrease of fisheries production is more than 50 percent. The worst area that was affected by the eruption was located in Sleman, an area of 117 hectares.  Fisheries rehabilitation processes that will be done by the government require funds of around Rp 80 billion. Minister of fisheries.(2010, December 28). 3.1 Impact on Economy Performance Severe eruptions by Mount Merapi that happened on October 26th and November 5th were expected to decrease economic approximately total worth of Rp3.4 trillion in Sleman district, Yogyakarta Province. Based on information and according to the Head of Sleman district, the losses were caused by ruins of business sectors such as tourism, culinary, commercial accommodation, agriculture, plantation, and livestock. So, In order to restore the economy, the government built temporary houses (shelters) for the victims. The houses built by the government were just temporary houses for the Mount Merapi eruption refugees so that it could boost the peoples economy to prevent the decrease in growth that would likely much in effecting the GDP. Wireupdate.com. (2010, November 5). The national state point states that the loss in economic activity in the affected area is likely to have a minor effect. The main impact on the national economy is coming from the cost of the reconstruction effort which affected the national Government finances. Because the President of Indonesia didnt announce the GDP rate due to the impact of the eruption, so its GDP rate is still yet unknown. Furthermore, we can implied that the GDP will decrease due to the Merapis eruption, since all the victims lose their homes, money, and property, their ability to buy goods will definitely decrease, and yet the GDP decreases too. And thats why government built temporary shelters; provide foods and consumption for the evacuees to boost up the GDP rates. Moreover, the sectors that giving impact to the countrys growth caused by merapi will be the agriculture sector, electricity, gas, and water sector, and the sector with the highest growth rate which was transportation and communication sector with total of 20,3% of the impact of merapi eruption. Despites of the disastrous Merapi eruption, the good news coming from the BPS ( Badan Pusat Statistik ), is that Indonesias GDP is increasing by 5,8% in the 3rd quarter of 2010. In which on 2009, theres only 3.5 increase on Indonesias GDP. Wireupdate.com. Wireupdate.com. (2010, November 5). See appendix 1. 3.2 Impact on Inflation Because of the severe eruption, the inflation of Yogyakarta is increasing, and it is reported that on November 2010, Yogyakarta encounter an increase of 0, 62 of its inflation. The inflation was caused by the increase of price that indicates from the CPI. There were 6 categories of expenses who encounter the increase of the CPI which is food substance increase by 2, 48%, category of delicatessen (drinks, cigarettes , tobacco) increase by 0,18%, category of housing needs (water, electricity, gasses, fuel) increase by 0,18%, category of clothing increase by 0,76%, category of health increase by 0,24% and on the other hand the category of education, recreation, and sports deflate about 0,07%. 3.3 Impact on Consumer price index (CPI) The eruption of merapi which occurred at Yogyakarta and central java on October and November 2010 brings impact on its economical condition. The impact covers the agriculture production and even the economic market, especially in Yogyakarta. This indication reflected from the information monitored by the Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS) that on November 2010, Yogyakarta encounter 0,62 % inflation with index amount of 124,35 which is higher if it is compared to the previous index on November 2010. And this which makes the inflation increase by 6,61%. The consultative group of Indonesia. (2010, June 14). 3.4 Impacts on the Unemployment So in order for the government to increase the GDP, they kept finding ways in making programs for the evacuees and the refugee to get both jobs and income. Their objectives are not only the refugee and evacuees, but also the people who affected by the merapis eruption. The Indonesias minister idea to handle the victims are to invent a cash forward, which is giving jobs to the refugee so that they got something to do with. So the point is if the government is now providing various kinds of jobs to the evacuees so that they can work, get income so that the unemployment rate would not fall harshly. Moreover, a lot of the evacuees who encounter psychological trauma caused by the eruptions which cause them unable to work and get income. Besides food and shelters, their psychological are also crucial, and what they need now is cash in order to live. And one of the jobs the government is offering will be the cleaning of volcanic ash for the refugee as one of their current jobs. The consultative group of Indonesia. 3.5 Impacts on the Livelihoods Trauma level are really high in the affected eruption area, and many evacuees are stress out and encounter a lot of problems such as fevers, sick, lack of food, feeling scared and trauma caused by the severe eruptions that strikes all in sudden. Besides the stress and trauma factor, people are frightened in fixing their houses or go to work, because theyre terrified of the volcanic ash that risk their life. And thats why the government are starting to reconstructing the affected area, so that people can go back to their normal life and do their usual activities. Although the impact to the affected areas is very severe, some people trying to live and stay near their home and afraid that their assets and stuff will be stolen by people while theyre in the refugees camp. And even worse the water supply is declining, and the water quality is really bad in which it leads to lack of sanitation. Furthermore, people are hoping that the government can reconstruct the affected areas soon, so th at they can enjoy their normal life. The consultative group of Indonesia. (2010, June 14). Recommendation Obviously, by all of the listed impacts above, the GDP and the economic income of Indonesia will be decrease because of this Gunung Merapi eruption. The decrease of the economic income and the GDP will make a great suffer to the local peoples around that site. To prevent this to happen, the government and the peoples around the Merapis location should do a cooperate action like to clean the site from volcanic ashes, help others to build the house and place. The government have to see exactly how the condition and the damage of the eruption site. By see the damage directly, government can adjust the money and know all the requirement and needs of the refugees. Government also can know exactly how much do the refugees need the help and food or water, not just send the money and subsidize the food and shelter by hearing what other peoples said. Government also need to stock up some funds in order to prevent something that unexpectedly happens like if the food are expired or there were some more accidents happen to the refugees. All of the emergency situations that were unexpectedly happen can be prevent by this money so that the refugees may not suffer more trauma and depression. To make the Indonesias income and GDP increase again, government can focus to other countries such as Samarinda to help Indonesias income to rise again. In Samarinda, there are so many companies and factories that can help Indonesia gain much more income with just a little help from the government. Conclusion With all of those effects of this Gunung Merapi eruption that occured in 2010 which have been listed above, it is obviously that eruption caused many disadvantages to humans life and the environment around that eruption site. Most of these disadvantages of eruption are really dangerous including the hot magma that can killed people and animal, the volcanic ashes that are dangerous to humans breath and eyes, the hot gas that are coming out are also dangerous because its temperature is really low. Besides these physical danger, eruption also makes many disadvantages in many sectors such as health sector, productive sector, the economy performance, transportation sector, and also the loss of properties. People get much more stress and the eruption also did a trauma for certain people. They loss all their properties and house, they have to evacuate to other safe areas and left their house and heavy properties like table, television and bed. The refugees feel very frustated because of their condition and loss, some of them also get trauma because they really scared of this eruption to happen again. They also lose their job because of the destruction that this eruption made. The eruption destroys many things like their transportation vehicle, their properties and house, and also their place to do their daily work. All of these effects are really be a big loss and this eruption did many bad impacts on humans life and environment. APPENDIX 1 Source: tradingeconomics.com; Badan pusat statistik Indonesia

The Get All Intelligence System :: essays research papers

The Get All Intelligence System The Get All Intelligence System is a unique multi-dimensional online database. It is an analytical tool for gathering, managing, distributing and analyzing data to improve strategic and tactical decision making. With this system each cell within a branch office can work fully autonomous or executing multiple simultaneous courses of action. Your company will now be able to benefit from corporate data by transforming it into information crucial to your executives decision-making process. The Get all database has numerous advantages over other systems; it has a quick, efficient, cost-effective, rapid response due to the direct down link connectivity. This 3-D system is used to support over 15,000 users worldwide. The Get All Intelligence System will be a NT based program and able to be crossed to Unix based systems if needed. The Get All Intelligence System is dynamic and easy enough to handle the end user requests by allowing the transformation and reconfiguration of intelligence to fit everyone's unique needs. This program is so flexible that it includes the ability to add as many columns that is needed. Information from The Get All Intelligence System is supplied to employees based on their own research requests. Depending the results of your request, it might offer a proposition to alternate the courses of action to its operators. This will reduce unnecessary information and wasted time especially when time constraints are critical. With a click of a button, your managers and sales cell can look at their own gathered information by product, by product line, or by customer. Managers can use The Get All database to look at statistics in their region and compare them with invoiced statistics from that day, including year-to-date and month-to-date analysis. Regional managers will have access to their regi on's data only. The headquarters office will be able to access any information that is collected by any branch office. Business intelligence is only a coffee cup away. The installation process will be simple containing a self-running, 25-minute tutorial installation CD and a complete software documentation package. The design will be simple with only one data set created. It will perform as if it has been configured with thousands of data sets. Only one IT computer programmer will be required. A few codes will be needed to ensure secure connections can be incorporated on unsecured machines. The security features ensure appropriate access to all sales analysis data at any and every level within the business.

Circular Flow Essay

In the textbook, there are two circular flow diagrams. One represents the flows in the macro-economy as a closed system and the other represents the flows as an open system. The circular flow diagrams show how money travels through the economic systems including businesses, households, foreign agents and governments (Editorial Board, 2013). Within the closed and open systems there are two consumers. The first consumers are households that buy goods and services and the second consumers are those businesses that purchase factors to produce. Households enter the goods market while the businesses enter factor markets. The first type of circular flow is that of the closed macro-economy system. This is the circular flow of money. A closed system is an economic model that counts only domestic exchanges but not the foreign agents. This therefore means that without foreign agents, the government or the economy is free of leakages. This system is basically shut off from surrounding environments and is self-contained. An example of a closed system would be the Earth system as a whole. Although energy passes across the Earth’s system boundary, no mass is exchanged throughout the Earth’s system and the rest of the universe (Ritter, M., 2011). The second type of circular flow in the macro-economy is considered the open system. The open system is the opposite of the closed system. It is an economic model that counts goods and services exchanged domestically and between nations (Editorial Board, 2013). In the diagram in the textbook, it indicates the circular flow of money in an open economy system. Open systems allow energy and mass to pass through and across the system boundary. An example of an open system would be the ocean. The ocean is considered an open system because it allows energy and mass to pass through. Energy which is solar radiation, latent heat and mass including water vapor and precipitation all pass across the boundary between the atmosphere and  hydrosphere of the ocean. In the closed system, households spend their money not only on domestic products but also on goods and services. While looking over the diagram should in the textbook, the inner flow of the closed system includes land, labor, and capital given to businesses from households to receive goods and services to the household. Households use the income (wages and salaries) for services offered to business to purchase goods and services from other businesses. On the other hand, businesses use the money received from households to buy factors of production they require. Thus, money flows in a circular motion within the economy. Therefore, the outer flows of a closed system include money from the household to business in order to pay for wages and rent for the houses. In the open system, there are more flow levels to consider. An open system considers the flow of money both domestically and internationally between countries. This system includes the government, households, and businesses. The demand for imports from a foreign economy consists of goods for investment, consumption of government goods. The government however enters the factor market as well as the goods market. It enters the factor market in order to obtain domestic labor, capital, and other factors of production to provide goods and services. The government enters the goods market to purchase these goods and services such as cars, trucks, pens or pencils. After the government lends out public services to the household and businesses, the households sends labor, land and capital to businesses and receive goods and services from those businesses as they pay taxes to the government. The next level flow which is the outer flow consists of money sent from the household to the businesses for wages and rent to be paid for the household. Leakages are taxes, savings, and import expenditures not spend in the economy. There are several leaks in the open system which includes leaks from households to companies, businesses to owners of factors of production and from both households and businesses to the government. Money leakages are created when an American consumer buys imports or when a company in the United States hires someone from India to work as a customer service representative. The households leaks when consumers buy goods and services from foreign businesses, and the money those households save whether in checking accounts or stocking. The business leaks when firms use labor, capital and other resources from foreign households. These leaks then inject money into the system. Injection is considered as things that enter into the households or businesses due to the leaks that were caused in the open system. An injection that comes into the household is that of foreign firms sending wages and rent to US households. An injection that comes into the businesses is that of foreign households purchasing goods produced by US firms. An example of a leakage would be a household buying a foreign car from a foreign company outside the United States. An example of an injection would be households in japan purchasing pens and pencils from firms in the United States. The difference between closed systems and open systems can be defined easily. Getting a better understanding of the two systems and how they work can help us operate throughout our daily lives and the world around us. As we grow we continue to learn about our economy and how the government interacts with households and companies. References Editorial Board (2013). Introduction to Macroeconomics. Web retrieved from http://wow.coursesmart.com/9781934920541/firstsection#X2ludGVybmFsX0J2ZGVwRmxhc2hSZWFkZXI/eG1saWQ9OTc4MTkzNDkyMDU0MS8zMA== Ritter, Michael E. The Physical Environment: an Introduction to Physical Geography. http://www4.uwsp.edu/geo/faculty/ritter/geog101/textbook/earth_system/types_of_systems.html

A Comparative Analysis of Digital and Offset Printing

The advent of the traditional printing was a great reform in the business community. Although a need was always felt for a printing device which can eke the printing process of short-run four-color jobs. Before the era of the digital printing wave in shape of Indigo, Docucolor and Heidelberg, the task was a dream for every business organization as the printing with four colors at small scale was very costly and inefficient to print. With the invention of digital printing technologies the printing was revolutionized and new standards of improved printing quality in a cost-effective manner was settled.   The digital transformation wave included valuable products such as Heidelberg Quickmaster DI.   The invention of the digital press includes cost effective and production efficient products such as HP Indigo and The Xerox iGen 3, which fulfilled the long lasting needs of the businesses.Offset Printing:With the advent of the digital printing although the printing process is revolutio nized but this has not effected the importance of the traditional offset printing.   It is a speculation that the traditional offset printing will become obsolete in future but still it will take years. The importance of the traditional printing depends upon the nature of job as some printing jobs are over sized and cannot be undertaken through using a traditional press.The choice of the technology depends upon the nature and specification of the job. In order to choose the most effective and relevant technology, it is important for the management to choose right and cost effective printing solution for the business with the consultation of specialized printing consultants. (Digital Synergy, 2007)Comparison between Digital Printing and Offset Printing:With the introduction of advance array of printing devices the confusion has also increased. In order to make a choice between the digital and offset technology it is important to understand the characteristics and performance of bot h the technologies. The printing device with more suitable options related features should be chosen in order to find the most appropriate commercial printing device.Method of printing in Offset Printing:â€Å"Offset lithography is the most common high volume commercial printing technology. In offset printing, the desired print image is burned onto a plate and is then transferred (or offset) from the plate to a rubber blanket, and then to the printing surface. The lithographic process is based on the repulsion of oil and water. The image to be printed gets ink from ink rollers, while the non-printing area attracts a film of water, keeping the non-printing areas ink-free.Mechanical Steps Eliminated in Digital PrintingDigital printing eliminates many of the mechanical steps required for conventional printing, including making films and color proofs, manually stripping the pieces together and making plates.† (Pinsonnault Creative, 2007).Advantages of Digital Printing:The advanta ges of the Digital Printing technology includesShorter turnaround. Same result in case of highest and lowest no. of prints. Through digital printing the accurate numbers of prints can be produced with a least amount of wastage and least variation as compare to the Offset printing techniques.Low costs for high volume printing , although the cost per unit is much more than that of the offset printingCheaper low volume printing. While the unit cost of each piece may be higher than with offset printing, when setup costs are included digital printing provides lower per unit costs for very small print runs. Variable Data Printing is a form of customizable digital printing. Using information from a database or external file, text and graphics can be changed on each piece without stopping or slowing down the press. For example, personalized letters can be printed with a different name and address on each letter. Variable data printing is used primarily for direct marketing, customer relatio nship development and advertising. Advantages of Offset Printing:High image quality. Works on a wide range of printing surfaces including paper, wood, cloth, metal, leather, rough paper and plastic. The unit cost goes down as the quantity goes up. Quality and cost-effectiveness in high volume jobs. While today’s digital presses are close to the cost/benefit ratio of offset for high quality work, they are not yet able to compete with the volume an offset press can produce. Many modern offset presses use computer-to-plate systems as opposed to the older computer-to-film workflow, further increasing quality (Pinsonnault Creative, 2007).The one, true choice for offset digital quality:The HP indigo is specially designed in order to meet the quality and color processes demand of offset printing. The easy and instant to dry quality of the ElectroInk used in Hp indigo provides it with cutting edge as compare to other technologies. It is best suited for commercial printing, as it is r elatively cost savvy and efficient in production. The quality of printing is very eye catching and impressive and can be used to attract the customers with a demand of high quality vibrant images.The technology has raised the standard of the print quality, as the advanced pressing power of HP indigo is much more superior as compare to other competing technologies.   The ElectroInk ekes the technology with the production of image with higher resolution, sharp images and vibrant colors. The machine provides the users with the choice of optional 5 and 6-colour inking stations with the luxury of white ink and special invisible inks best suited for the corporate printing.   The Hp Indigo provides an extended array of colors as compare to other digital print technologies.Criticism:â€Å"Early incarnations of the press were prone to suffer from banding and ink adhesion problems, however with newer models these issues have been resolved and would only be seen in unusual circumstances, for example if the operator had the press incorrectly configured.Although, there is still a natural band about 100mm from the trailing edge which can only be seen when printing some colors. To help reduce the band you should adjust the 2nd transfer gap and make sure the press is well greased and lubricated.† (Wikipedia, 2007)

Natural Grocers Essay Example

Natural Grocers Essay Example Natural Grocers Essay Natural Grocers Essay Name: Course: Lecturer: Date: Natural grocers The grocery store started in the 1955 as a family venture offering door-to-door services to people in Golden, Colorado. They sold whole grain bread and offered educational books on nutrition to the people. The family knew that as people were increasingly being informed about nutritious food there would be an increase in their sales. This venture was so successful that the family started a retail store within six months. Various strategies were employed to achieve this fit (Natural Products, 2001). Grand strategy Natural Grocers came up with several strategies that have enabled them to be the leaders in the produce market. This include; Specialization, the company has, over the years specialized in specific areas of providing there consumers with only organic food and thus have gained a wealth of experience in as far as organic food is concerned. The company has also positioned itself near to stores whereby the consumers can access other goods that they do not offer. The other very important aspect is that the company always buys straight from the producers and this makes sure that they cut the intermediaries and boosts their profits. It is also a fact that the company also is very willing to open up new branches in other towns to increase their sales. The biggest strategy that is employed by the company is that of education, the company is able to boost their sales by making sure that more people are informed about nutrition and so they gain new customers, at the same time they retain their customers by proving them with healthy recipes, nutrition seminars, cooking demonstrations and pet care. How does the company implement its long-term goals? The long-term objectives of the firm include continued provision of organic food and nutritional help, as well as being involved to a big extent in the conservation of the environment. Ultimately, also the biggest long-term objective is continued profits and expansion of its operations throughout the states. This will be achieved by strictly adhering to the strict selection process, maintaining a good rapport with the customers and the general population, through aspects such as corporate social responsibility (Hansen M, 2002). Short-term objectives and action plans that allow the company to achieve the goals The short-term objectives of the firm involve the day-to-day running of the activities of the firm. This is achieved in a great sense by maintaining a good management team and adhering strictly to the clearly spelt out code of conduct. The other action plans includes; embracing technology and thus can be able to advertise themselves more, while on the hand the company has set enlisted its shares in the stock market to be able to increase their profits but also to be more competitive ( George S, 2002). Firm’s functional tactics, how does the firm gain a competitive advantage? The firm has been able to maintain a competitive edge in the area of grocery for many years. The biggest functional tactic is that the company maintains a personal appeal to every customer, such that it is not just a store but also more like a local corner shop where the attendant knows the customer. The biggest tactic is that of being able to identify new areas for expansion and ultimately advertisement. Hansen, Maren. Increasing Organic Agriculture at the Local Level: A Manual for Consumers, Grocers, Farmers Policy Makers. Santa Barbara, Calif: Community Environmental Council, Gildea Resource Center, 2002. Print. Natural Products. Auckland, N.Z: Slice Publications, 2001. Print. Parker, Philip M. 2007-2012 World Outlook for Independent Grocers, the. ICON Group, 2006. Swinnock, George. The Christian-Man’s Calling: Or, a Treatise of Making Religion Ones Business: Wherein the Nature and Necessity of It Is Discovered. : As Also the Christian Directed How He May Perform It in [brace] Religious Duties, Natural Actions, His Particular Vocation, His Family Directions, and His Own Recreations. London: Printed for T.P. and are to be sold by Dorman Newman, at the Kings Arms in the Poultry, next Grocers-Alley, 2002. Print. The Grocer’s Companion and Merchant’s Handbook: Containing a Comprehensive Account of the Growth, Manufacture and Qualities of Every Article Sold by Grocers. Also, Tables of Weights and Measures, and Information of a General Nature of Value to Grocers and Country Merchants. Boston: B. Johnson, 2003. Print.

XBUS Quail Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

XBUS Quail - Assignment Example It was on March 18th 2011 at approximated time of 8:30 in the morning. There were two officers: Officers 4 and Officer 3, who were on their assignment at a subway station in Manhattan on West 72nd street. They came across five teenage boys shoving one another at about ten yards away near the subway platform that was crowded with many people. The two officers walked towards to five boys where Officer 3 shouted at the five boys telling them to stop the shoving of one another but they went on with the shoving. When the other officer approached, he yelled, â€Å"Freeze, if you know what is good for you.† When the teenagers received the caution from Officer 3, they stopped shoving one another and they began talking to the other officer. There was a woman, 42 year-old, Ms. Smith who was standing at the subway platform got curious of the activities of the officers and the boys. She tapped Officer 3 on his shoulder and then asked the officer why they were disturbing the boys. He turne d around and said, â€Å"Back off or I’ll take you in too.   I’m busting my ass to save your ass.† Officer Four came to Ms. Smith and Officer 3 after speaking to the five boys. When he noticed the Ms. Smith was questioning his fellow officer, Officer 4 said, â€Å"We don’t need this type of crap.   Let’s go.† It was then when Ms. Smith recorded their budge numbers and their names on her cell phone when the two officers walked away as they continued with their patrol. After all this, it was then when Ms. Smith filed her complaint with the Civilian Complaint Review Board (CCRB). On her complaint, she stated that both the officers were discourteous. She also stated that Officer 3 had threatened to arrest her. She claimed that she believed the two officers had questioned and stopped the teenagers since they were Hispanic and black and there were other reason for bothering them. After being

The Leader as Communicator Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Leader as Communicator - Assignment Example Intellectuals have pinpointed some core competencies that are essential for the leaders (Leading Concepts, 2012). An effective leader should have an ability to express information or convey his/her message explicitly and appropriately. He/she should understand the significances of good oral communication with colleagues, managers and other executive class office members. A leaders communication style should be efficient enough to grab listeners’ attention and encourage them to fulfill the assigned task effectively (Leading Concepts, 2012). However, it has noticed that mass communication is more effective than the individual communication because in mass communication messages are designed more strategically that directly hit cognition of large audience and uniform passive perception that help all members to work with unity (Harris, 2009). For developing good communication skills it is very important for leaders to develop good listening habit at first place. Then develop an ability to make eye contact during communication process (Barker, 2010). Moreover, it is important to always design messages in mind before triggering them to the audience and most importantly never send mixed messages. It is because mixed messages can reduce the effectiveness of the communication process and might contribute to weaken the accomplishment of desired aims (Barker,